Managerial and Organizational Behavior - Office Space A...

AbstractThere are four major influences that can impact an organizations structure. With the movie Office Space as an example, the way employees handle change, paradigms, power, and politics will be analyzed. Theories will be cited of what techniques can be initiated to ensure effective organizational management and behavior. Office Space is a great example of irrational management and bizarre human behavior. The executives at the fictitious company in the movie, Initech, do not demonstrate successful managerial organizational skills. Great respect is paid to the impact that organizational change can encompass. Managerial and Organizational BehaviorOffice Space: A Case StudyOrganizational behavior can be defined as individual behavior†¦show more content†¦Many of these attributes are present in non-fictional organizations as well. The way we handle change, paradigms, power, and political behavior, will all affect the way a department or company will run. I feel the way we react to change is the biggest issue. Change occurs every day, at work and at home; although, sometimes we are not conscious of it. Sometimes it is not significant enough to make a drastic impact. Managing ChangeOrganizations are changing nearly daily. It has become the standard in most organizations (Nelson, Quick, 2006). The presence of continuous change appears to be the only constant in organizational life today. One area that continues its transformation of organizations is the design itself. The way in which companies are configured today is changing (Buhler, 2000). Change can be as dramatic as downsizing or a merger, or it can be as minute as hiring more staff. Either way, it still has an impact on employees. The contingency approach to the structure of current organizations suggests there is no one best structure appropriate for every organization (Buhler, 2000, p. 15). Rather, this approach contends the best structure for an organization fits its needs for the situation at the time. The best structure for an organization may change over time-as the situation within which the company operates changes and the environment changes (Buhler, 2000, p. 15). The key is toShow MoreRelatedToo Much Too Soon Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY TOO MUCH TOO SOON NISHANT THAKUR 1775563 MGMT 121/ SM05(1) Synopsis The scenario is about Sara Patel; she has finished college and is working in a company called Maddison for three years. The first two years she had worked in sales department but now she is working as a sales trainer in the sales and development department. 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Impact Of Industrialisation On Patterns Of Urban Development

The impact of industrialisation on patterns of urban development in nineteenth century Europe Urbanization is defined as an omnipresent process during which a primary and rural society revolves gradually into a cultivated and industrious one. The linkage between industrialization and urban growth defies an explicit description it is tight and visible, but cannot be simply reduced to direct linearity. It is well known that many small African countries have initiated or accomplished low-level urbanization without economic growth. Roughly without industrial revolution, a few cities such as Italy and Netherlands had their urban dweller proportion raised. Switzerland, Germany, England and France had the similar phenomena. Precious long†¦show more content†¦During the proto-industrial development phase, production burgeoned in various villages and cottages near towns or commercial centers, which were fully packed with rural industrial workers. Nevertheless, shortages of investment in services and administration precluded those regions from turning into giant cities. Urban growth during this period depended highly on physical power such as transportation artery, mine and waterfalls and so forth. During the process of the coal-based expansion, the larger-scale production spurred by combination of technology and coal, had exerted much more influence upon urbanization than the former phase. Massive capital poured into coal-based settlements with the very intention to accelerate the urban growth. Yet production cost, expensive raw materials, low efficiency and political concerns impeded the whole process to a large extent. Not until the emergence of the second industrial revolution had the western and central Europe experienced an authentic convergence of industrial production and urban growth. London, the leader, together with Vienna, Berlin and Paris exploded in population and size during this period (Hohenberg et al., 1985). Economy of scale required continuous pooling of capital, employment and materials. Led by the Great Britain, the main European powers, such as France and Germany, all went through the

Open Work Space Research Essay Free Essays

The Study Recently in the work space, there seems to be a shift from this traditional cubicle style to a more open environment for the employees. This shift has me questioning why are innovative companies shifting towards this more open environment? It seems that these companies are looking not only for a change in scenery, but a change in the how there employees utilize the environment. During this study, I will use a variety of sources in order to understand a comma NYSE work space environment and other information pertaining the architectural design of a company. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Work Space Research Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The questions especially want to explore are: How does the open workspace effect the collaboration between employees? How does this work space attempt to foster an environment for creativity and innovation? Informational Sources The sources have used ranged from a variety of places. The information I collected from Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group was a large group interview which was required for a summer class where we studied cultures of creativity in Detroit, Michigan. These two interviews took place on August 24, 2013. The large group interview also included a tour of both companies to actually see the working environment firsthand. Field notes were also taken to help record detailed descriptions of the environment at both companies. Another source used for this research included an online magazine called 991. . This magazine publishes research in a condensed and easy to understand format for the general public. It described research on how to build a collaborative work space. I read this to help better my understanding of what a collaborative work space might look like and what re some key components for a creative work space. Also watched a video created by Wall Street Journal on Google’s New York work space because, have never been there. Th is video allowed me to visually see the environment where Google employees work. Another source utilized was a prCICS completed from an article called Building Research and Information. It included research done in this area which helped me orient myself with prior research already completed on this topic. Previous Research Completed on Work Space Environment One research prCICS I looked at included the importance of collaboration in the work space. They looked at three behaviors that contribute to effective collaboration: â€Å"awareness, brief interaction, and collaboration (working together)† (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 2). This term awareness means to understand what is going on in the environment around you. You are able to process this through â€Å"spatial features that promote awareness† and organizational factors that allow you to see other employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, pars. 4-5). They noted Some benefits to this ‘high awareness’ Were rapid information sharing and ability to recognize when other employees were struggling Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 6). However there are some concerns for ‘high awareness’ in a collaborative environment also. It can be distracting, noisy from employees talking, and create a loss of privacy for the workers (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 7). Another term discussed was ‘brief interactions’ which means unplanned and short discussions you have with other employees. This results in â€Å"spatial features that promote interaction† and organizational factors that allow you to run into other employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, pars. 9-10). Some benefits include improved information flow, increased learning, and increased development Of friendships (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 1). There are, however, some drawbacks which include a high potential for stress, an increase in distractions, and the potential for over communicating with employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 12). The other term discussed in the prCICS was collaboration. Collaboration in the work space can result in organizational f actors that allow employees to work in project rooms (Hangmen, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, ears. 18-19). Some benefits from these project rooms are quicker answers, access to other team members, and better project tracking (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 0). Despite these benefits, there are some concerns including the possibility for information overload, a shorter amount of time on certain tasks, and less privacy for employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 21). Evaluating Google and Two Outside Innovative Companies Google is the company which typifies an open work space concept. However, I needed to use Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group in Detroit, Michigan because they were local and accessible. Both of these companies were much smaller than Google. However, there are innovative and utilize the open work space concept. Google is known for their web search engine and try to make information easily accessible to the users. The Google New York campus occupies an entire floor and parts of other floors in a building covering an entire â€Å"city block in Manhattans Chelsea neighborhood† (Alter, par. 7). This campus has grown from around 2,000 employees to nearly 3,000 and hiring in the areas of media and advertising (Jordan). Due to the arrival of additional employees, the newly hired have had to move from floor to floor (Jordan). In this campus as opposed to Silicon Valley, it is less tech focused and gives the employees a more natural working environment (Jordan). Google’s competitive and innovative nature attracts many young employees to their company. Despite Google’s great benefits, there is still a high turnover rate, which means they have a limited amount of time with their employees. Kidders Studio is an innovative company which is a part Of the creative community in Detroit, Michigan. Since 1 959, Kidders Studio has earned a beatable name for solving problems with designs. They started off solving problems by designing logos for the automotive companies in Detroit. In 201 1, Kidders moved to their new location on Broadway Street near the Detroit Tigers Stadium. Their diverse team of 25 office employees design logos and websites for advertisements, but their goal is to create the extraordinary (Patrick). They started with 16 employees and are looking to expand to 35 employees. Some of their biggest clients are Dave and Buster’s, Detroit Tigers, and Andiron Restaurant. At Kramer Design Group in Detroit, they specialize in designing the interiors of buildings. There are about 18 to 28 people that work at the office, because there are only 28 desks available. When they work with their clients, they focus on creating a particular environment in order to invoke a certain feeling (Kramer). They strive for listening to the client. However, sometimes the client does not know what they want until you show it to them. This company provides swatches of materials to help visualize the production or prototype built. They are known for creating traditional architecture, hotels, and presidential lofts. They have completed such projects in Detroit like the Madison Building, Broodier Towers, and Whitney Building (Kramer). Kramer Design Group is starting to pick up some business throughout the state. Kramer Design Group and Kidders Studio Work Space Company ices are redesigning offices in order to get a more spacious working environment for their employees. This open work space is intended to foster creativity and innovation. Designing a place to enhance creativity takes a lot of work not only on the companies half, but on the architects half as well. It is important the architect works in collaboration with their client to create a specific environment. In this case, the architect needs to create an environment that is not only functional to the employees, but pleasing to the customer. Open office spaces seem to fuel this creativity through the collaboration of diverse groups of people, the flexibility of the work space, and the atmosphere of the room with numerous examples from Detroit, Machine’s Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group. A key component to this creativity and innovation is allowing the mixture of diverse groups of people to work together in an open area. To define diverse, this word is meant to describe how individuals with various job titles and functions can ark cohesively together. Providing people an open environment encourages informal connections to be made and ideas to be bounced off one another (Patrick). For example, at Kidders Studio, their work place fosters an environment where colleagues can collaborate with each other (Patrick). The studio is set up with no doors on any of the offices, even the Coo’s office. Over the years, the company has developed this process to be successful. During their meetings, they encourage administrative workers, designers, marketers, and writers to brainstorm ideas for projects (Patrick). These brainstorming sessions involve everyone in the company to work on a project where titles mean nothing (Patrick). Sometimes, disagreement can be a bad thing. But it has become a useful tool because, it encourages ideas to be explored and defended by the creator (Patrick). The end result is a better thought out solution which provides the customer with an outstanding product. Creating flexibility in the work space seems to be another crucial element which allows this creativity and innovation to flourish. Kramer Design Group utilizes the portability and disability of the room to create an environment where creativity is maximized. The portable chairs in the lunch space allow the user to rearrange the space. The emphasis on designing a flexible work space allows people to freely converse amongst one another (Kramer). It also gives the workers an environment which allows easy access to coworkers (Kramer). Some of the offices have glass walls to give the illusion of a more open space (Kramer). One thing that stands out is there are few private offices. Private offices close workers off from the company and do not allow for ideas to be exchanged while the open spaces help stimulate creativity. In an open space, the atmosphere plays an important role in the minimization of creativity and innovation. Kramer Design Group’s office is designed with a level of sophistication and professionalism to illustrate their knowledge in the design field (Kramer). The minute you step into the office, it is meant to create a feeling bigger than meets the eye. There is wall to wall glass to give an expansive feeling to the area and it makes the ceiling appear taller (Kramer). In the hallway, there are columns spaced equal distances apart and a white strip on the carpet to give the illusion of a never ending hall (Kramer). Even the lighting plays into the comfortable ambiance of the room with their modern looking lights which use some incandescent lighting. Their office provides a creative, yet comfortable environment. It allows their employees to think freely in the office with the respect of their fellow colleagues. Google’s Innovative Design Google’s New York campus has a similar goal in their office design like Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group. â€Å"All of the design is meant to encourage interaction between structurally separate teams† (Jordan). By implementing this open work space, it influences the way groups of Google’s collaborate. Google’s intention by using an open work space is to create an environment specifically for the interaction between the workers. A fun design plan Google’s architects implemented is the vertical ladder chutes between floors, because the elevators are never known to be on time. This vertical ladder chute promotes unplanned collaborations (Alter, par. 7). Another touch Google added was giving the employees a bag to place their laptop in while climbing up the ladder (Jordan). This bag helped Google’s minimize the chance of dropping their laptops. When workers causally intermingle, it encourages informal connections to be made among colleagues. Senior software engineer, Mike Labels moved from Google’s Silicon Valley to Google’s New York campus. At Google’s Silicon Valley, their offices are created as an individual place with their own unique perks and specific design, which help the worker relate to their environment Road). Since Labels has transferred to Google’s New York office, he feels that coming to work here you will not mistake you are in some room at an ordinary building; you will know you are at Google in New York (Jordan). It seems Google’s New York office has created their own city within their building. Even some of their conference rooms are designed as a New York apartment to create a close environment for colleagues to collaborate within. Directly outside these conference rooms, it is setup like city with a fire hydrant, subway grates on the floor, and a narrow hallway with a cityscape on the wall (Jordan). This use of schematics throughout areas of their building makes it seem like the real New York City outside of the building. Collaboration is a good thing, but too much can also be a bad thing sometimes. There are many places to get away from the hustle and bustle of the office area. These areas include a reflecting room, a library, a private hone booth, and more. The library is dotted with Victorian photos from Star Wars hanging on the walls (Jordan). There are also secret door bookcases leading to refection or reading rooms (Jordan). Throughout the library are many books to help employees on coding, programming and working with different types of computers (Jordan). One of the coolest features is the virtual wall of books where employees can download books to their phones (Jordan). Theses rooms are meant to give the workers a place to escape to when they get stressed at work. Google jobs can cause high stress because Of all the work demands. They can stop by the library and pick out a book or even download one from the virtual wall. By creating this comfortable environment, it gives the employees a place to relieve their stress. Regional facilities manager, Laura Gimped mentioned with groups growing in Google how proprieties and juxtaposition effect the workers interactions (loran). Laura understands generally information and ideas are shared with co-workers who are nearby. This is part of the reason that Google has positioned their offices no more than 150 feet away from food to enhance informal interactions between its employees. So at any office location there s a micro-kitchen, a restaurant, or cafeteria nearby. This place encourages fellow Google’s to go grab a bite to eat whenever and where ever they may be in the building (Jordan). Their set up enables employees to â€Å"bump into coworkers from different teams within the† work space (Alter, par. 8). She has taken into account the growth of the company with an eye towards this idea of casual collision in the work space (Jordan). This allows fellow Google’s to have the opportunity to discuss an idea with someone they normally do not work with (Jordan). Some of the greatest ideas are inspired from unexpected inventions between people. Findings Coming from an architectural background has enabled me to see rooms differently from other people. However, after this research, I was able to look at a room and see the choices and decisions the architect had to make in designing the room. For example, their placement of furniture, walls, doors and windows in a room plays a critical role in how the work space is used. The way an architect designs a room actually plays an important role for what the customer ultimately wants. Each of the companies I research ultimately had a similar goal through using the open work space concept. Kidder’s goals was to create the extraordinary through logos and design. Their office design fostered their employees to be creative. Kramer Design Group specialized in interior designing. Their open work space also did the same by providing their employees with a creative environment. Both of these places were designed, so the employees interacted regularly in order to get their ideas. Through my research even though did not actually visit, Google, the above examples helped me visualize what I could not see at Google. I have come to greater appreciate the open work space concept and its purpose at Google is to maximize its employees creativity. Through my research on open work spaces at Google, I have come to understand the choices the architects had to make while designing Google’s New York office. They choose to design the environment with many unique features to enhance the collaboration between employees. I have now come to see that through creating an open work space it results in good ideas from employees. Essentially, these good ideas are able to be obtained through creating these unexpected conversations and casual collisions. This new understanding can help companies understand ways to obtain ideas from their employees. Through creating this type of environment similar to Google, companies will be able to design an environment to maximize the productivity of workers. Conclusion Google is known as the gold standard for innovation and creativity. Their architects have used the open work space to help them achieve this goal. Through the design of the open work space, Google’s from different teams or backgrounds bump into each other casually throughout the day. The intent is for these Google’s to discuss an idea with someone they may not work with daily. This chance interaction may be the catalyst for a new and creative idea. This new open work space approach is intended to inspire its employees and support creativity where new ideas can be developed and new discoveries made. Further Questions If another research paper was completed, it may be interesting to see how other innovative companies like Apple, Paxar, and Twitter are set up in regards to their work space design. It would be interesting to see how these companies layout their work space, because there could be similar correlations to how their employee’s collaborate like Google. In order to answer this question, you would need to look at the interactions between the errors of the company. Since work spaces are always being remodeled by companies, it would be interesting to track innovative companies over the next five year to see how their work space changed over time. It would be ideal to interview employees throughout the change of the work space to see how it has effected them. It may be interesting to also speak to the management to determine whether there were more ideas generated in the newer work space than in the current type work space. This could help understand the reason behind why companies design a creative environment for their workers. How to cite Open Work Space Research Essay, Essays

Stages of Team Development-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Team Management, Leadership, Personality, Communication and Motivation. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to give observation to others experience in our life with different members of team and people in day-to-day life. The report refers to different aspects such as team building, leadership skills or styles, dealing with different personalities through communication skills. The report also discusses emotional intelligence, which plays a vital role in planning of resources through examining a range of published articles, internet sites and personal experiences. Since, most of the people think that it is about specifying our quantities, number of labor and equipments, managing team members and materials but it is more than that; with aligning , motivating and inspiring people with project vision and objective, and one who is flexible in high tech and high touch components, which leads to different questions in our mind. For example, if our numbers are perfect but labor is under emotional stress, what if there are conflicts between different team members? What will happen if they are not self-oriented? In addition, what actually does project resource-planning mean outside IQ? Without answering these questions, one is in a non-convincing way as well as in a distorted view of the situation with several key factors missing without any clear evidence. Team Development Stages A team is a number of individuals with reciprocal abilities who would confer will a normal end goal whats more who are attempting interdependently should accomplish particular execution objectives utilizing an approach for which they hold themselves commonly responsible for different stages of team development such as; Forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning (patching, 2017). Forming: - The forming of various typical and interpersonal issues seems unclear to some people. Moreover, the responsibilities and roles of team members are not understandable and are just excited. During the task of putting stick in the first intensive block, there were many issues. For example, some people were getting frustrated, as they were unable to put stick down to earth, which leads to trust issues. Therefore, it started losing its ground for not having proper rules and responsibilities Storming: - Power, control, and influence are considered as the storming issues. For example, in the same task described above every person was in control of his own power and trying to be a coach with recommending his own interest over others (self-oriented behaviors). This issue leads to conflicts, which cannot be resolved by assigning team leader. The team leader seems to lack in interpersonal skills, being reserved with controlling emotions and unable to clarify and elaborate the situation to manage. The lack of monitoring and controlling efficiency for different people with different personalities or when the work is not defined properly then team may become uncomfortable with the approach team leader is using. Norming: - Norming is a stage where team members start to resolve their issues and are more communicative, trustworthy. In this stage, the communication and the coordination among the team members start to increase. Monitoring and controlling most of the problems during a task get resolved and positive feeling starts to emerge within the group as there is one spokesperson and remaining are listeners. Performing:- Performing is the stage of open debate and with no harsh feeling. In this stage, people start trusting their team members, engaging in all issues and solving all problems without any disruptive feelings. The best example for team development is jet flying coordination; where there are no issues, no harsh feelings, being dependent on each other, with no affection, no power control, just coordination with each other through appreciations and communication. Leadership Styles Leadership style is more about motivating people and building relationship with nurturing behavior (BLUE). Sometimes another leadership style (RED) can be found where there is a situation of formal tone and a person needs to be direct and decisive. The leadership styles in business world require sense of purpose above vision to co-operate values, such as money (patching, 2017). For example, money takes over a persons contribution of time like self-value, spiritual value and personal relationship value and the person start losing his motivation, which inversely affects the soul of the project. There are different categories of leadership styles according to PMBOK@ guide 7th edition such as bureaucratic, laissez-faire, democratic, autocratic, coaching and strategic (4squareviews, 2017). In this group, there were people who were nervous and tried to control their emotions because they did not know whether they are going to be correct or wrong. These people also did not have good communication skills. Since being a non-native speaker, it is hard to say things than a native speaker. Due to this disadvantage, people try to control emotions and become reserved. In another hand, some people are systematic in their behavior style, which is good for leadership skills. Behavior in leadership plays a vital role at the time of negotiation. This skill is followed by suggestions making an adjustment in feelings, attitude, involving people for change in belief as well as the change in dysfunctional belief, surrounded by negative thoughts. Again, when there is negotiation on a certain price in the class, the group nominated the person who has good communication skills, emotional quotient and who is looking for a win-win situation with a power of patience and has the ability to ask why? The nomination of the leader depends on these qualities because then only the leader can deliver what the group wants in a negotiation. Since, the team was having a deadline factor of 10min in which we have to negotiate a price $16,500(approx.) with no range of negotiation as well as without knowledge of conditions, under those circumstances, the team led to a non-negotiable stage. Personality Styles Personality is that aspect of a person, which a project manager deals with his day-to-day life. When a project manager knows what kind of personality other person possesses, he is able to motivate that person easily. He also understands himself in a better way by increasing self-awareness so that he can understand how people are going to react to him. Personality might be the extrovert, introvert which can be explained by giving an example, during our discussion exercise about vice chancellor as well as about our job experience within certain time limit we noticed different behavior styles of different peoples with different facial expressions by moving their eyes in a different direction. What I noticed was that most of the people were introvert and two of the persons were hesitating to speak as they were unable to make eye-to-eye contact and were talking outside the business area. The body posture of those people was not in a good position and they were trying to pass the time rath er than facing one while others were having different facial expression. Most of the people try to visualize all things and then construct images before speaking but every individual has a different way of representing information. Therefore, it will result in movement of eyes; here are the different expressions of the eye as discussed in class shown in the figure. If I talk about the personality; while we were doing negotiation, exercise people were trying to access the other person behavior and style. It was not like xeroxing them and posing as they were standing in front of a mirror, which is a good sign. This is because it makes other people feel good and feeling other people better is what we have to do while negotiating (Alan patching 2017). We have to be emotionally attached to them but sometimes when we are negotiating with a situation where I win, you lose people, we have to make them sit in front place then they think that they are in the driving position. The fact is they are not and a person should also balance his rigidness against any displays of compromise other person shows but have your conscious mind in control because it may be a plot against you(Greg Williams). Motivational Types Motivation is always about inspiring others to dream more, to learn more, do more and become more than you are a leader (John Quincy Adams). Motivation depends on the style of person to persons relationship value and tries to understand each other through our motivational values. A good project manager is a leader who imposes situation, environment, and conditions, which suit his team members the most. In the class, the team had done certain exercise on motivational value system with different personalities with RED, BLUE, and GREEN with significant numbers. These numbers were there to determine those peoples behavior and reaction towards another team member after the completion of the project. BLUEs tried to be helpful in nature to others, ensuring each persons happiness, making every person life easier with certain objectives for future projects with all aspects of calculation. In another hand, REDs were direct in their nature with the given exercise of negotiation. When we were negotiating on a certain amount they were responsible to help us out rather than just increasing the range and making a situation in either win-lose or lose win condition. They were listening patiently to us and were trying to understand the situation of the customer about how it happened, under what circumstances it occurred and why the amount we were asking in negotiation was more than their amount. For example, if we have a new battery which costs around 250$, new leather seats, new tyres, with all new music system then the insurance company is trying to make sure that customer is fully satisfied. The company is also trying to create unwarranted conflicts rather just putting insurance company benefits ahead of the scustomer by increasing range by 10,000 (which was done by other groups). Communication Styles Communication is the basis for negotiation but language sometimes becomes a barrier to communication, there were certain people who can speak more than three languages and they can act as a negotiator for big companies. When we were doing an exercise of communication style to check up until what level we can understand someone without speaking a word, understand what that person feels, and tries to communicate through his actions References (2017). 5th Edition PMBOK GuideChapter 9: Leadership Styles on a Project. [online] Available at: https://4squareviews.com/2013/06/28/5th-edition-pmbok-guide-chapter-9-leadership-styles-on-a-project/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017 (2017). Stages of Team Development. [online] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/groups-teams-and-teamwork-6/building-successful-teams-53/stages-of-team-development-270-1614/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. com. (2017).personality styles, types, theories and psychometrics models, personality tests and quizzes theory. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]. Bond university. (2017) Alan patching notes